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JJ the Gardener

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  1. JJ the Gardener

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  2. JJ the Gardener

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    From the album: Hempyfan

  3. Very soon I will be in the right mind and do it. It is a great biography. Might be hard to believe but is true. Making progress. Today is the one month mark since she passed. today is July 20th.
  4. Click the Tree! Plant Physiology & Nutritional Transportation This Fundamental Gardening Knowledge For The Serious Pre-Introduction As I began to learn this information it had an effect I did not count on. It applied to my health as well and as I learned and began to appreciate more about plant nutrition I got much better at human nutrition. In this way we grow each other and goes to examples of how plants farm and manage us. By learning about plant nutrition it has enabled me to understand and appreciate how bad my personal diet was and what that diet did and did not do for me. I was consuming an average diet in regular society and thus nutrition should not of been a cause of concern. As a result of this diet I suffered the typical afflictions associated with such a "normal" diet that the medical community was willing to offer a wide variety of pharmaceutical solutions except for explaining nutrition, diet and simply instructed to check out the internet for such questions. Well profits skew that way of thinking and a grey area has been created and we end up with socially acceptable foods that actually harm us as honesty about the frequency of those foods would potentially be damning to foods in question. All things competent those foods really should not be so easily accepted, except for the fact someone makes money off it, so it is ok. I hope these words reach, for those it does it can help far more than just with growing a healthy garden but also a healthy you in many more ways than we tend to think when looking about plant nutrition. We are actually talking about living nutrition as it applies in general to most thing. I shared the above with you with the idea that learning this can potentially help others how it helped me in more ways than one. I will now discuss only plant physiology and plant nutrition from here and apologize if the above is unwelcome herein. Plant Physiology Introduction The following information can be complex and confusing. It is more important that you understand the basics and the follow up sections will be far less complex as we get into the growth aspects. Please do your best to understand the basics of this information. If I can help better explain a confusing subject please let me know and we will find solutions as I am able. Before we can learn how nutrition helps a plant we need to understand how the plant grows and functions throughout its various stages. In knowing this we can better apply other management practices as to optimally garden. Plant physiology is the basis for which the rest of the information will be based on. We will start by discussing the basic plant structure in terms of energy production and nutritional transportation system of a plant. It will help if you understand a bit of thermodynamics and kinetics but this is for more advanced understandings. As we progress to the nutritional segments of these lessons we will discuss the different varieties of plant foods from organics to salts and their qualities, their benefits, their negatives, how to use, why to use and when to use. In so doing you will be able to gain knowledge on how to evaluate the many fertilizer options and select from a learn-id position rather than a marketed direction. This is a compilation of information from a variety of sources with the intention of effective instruction. I have tried to give all credit for materials used. Any error is just that, an error and is unintentional and once brought to attention will be correct as appropriate. This is a not a money/profit generating enterprise. Plant Tissue Types & Structure Dermal - Epidermis, Periderm = Prevents loss of water and protects the plant like a skin. Ground - Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Schlerenchyma = Metabolism, Storage & Support. Vascular - Xylem, Phloem = Transport water and sugar. Plant Environments (Roots & Shoots) We often think of the plant environment as one thing but it is really two different environments. Above and below the ground and is referred to as "roots' and "shoots." By understanding these environments and how it affects plant biology we can better understand how nutrition affects the plant and can begin to better understand how to manage a plant in various stages and environments for optimal growth. Ground (Roots) Environment This is the area of the roots and media layer. Regardless if hydroponic or soil based it is considered ground or roots. In following sections we will discuss the different aspects of hydroponic and soil based system medias but for this specific lesson we will consider it one medium type of simply "ground" or "roots" when referencing this area of the plant. This is the area where plants store energy, the roots. Roots transportation process: Water/Salts/Oxygen > Root hairs > Xylem > Leafs > Evaporate > Pressure moves water up each evaporation like a chain. Water/salts move upward via pressure controlled in part by osmotic pressure via water evaporation humidity and temperature. Notice that oxygen is taken up by the roots. This Oxygen is used in cell respiration, discussed later. This is a key reason why it is important for good drainage for the type of plant you are gardening/landscaping. Type of roots Root Examples Monocot root illustration Tap root - Dicot plants & ferns. Is the main root and will sprout other roots laterally. Anchors the plant Can grow deep in search of water and begin to break up lower harder soil layers and initiate the tapping of lower minerals within the lower soil column. Fibrous roots - Monocot & cloned plants. Fine roots that extend from the main stem of the plant. Trees 30–50 m tall has a root system that extends horizontally in all directions as far as the tree is tall or more, but around 95% of the roots are in the top 50 cm depth of soil. Plants can be managed to be better drought resistant by training the plants to dig deeper before it makes fibrous roots as to increase the depth of the roots at the top of the media column. This is only effect if water is accessible via water table, in low water areas this may or may not be as effective depending on the plant type. Parallel venation plants have fibrous roots. Reticulated venation seed plants have tap roots. Adventitious roots (clones and stress roots) Adventitious roots (clones and stress roots) are plant roots that form from any non-root tissue and are produced both during normal development and in response to stress conditions, such as flooding, nutrient deprivation, and wounding. We will discuss the rooting due to stress aspect in more depth in a future writing. All plant cells have the DNA to create a cloned plant besides the root. Can be induced by ECMs or Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Bacteria that transfer DNA to plant and create root hairs, used in study and in instances as managing for drought resistence.) Age‐dependent process. Auxin cross talks with other hormones to control adventitious rooting. Adventitious rooting is a complex quantitative genetic trait. Unstressed and stressed roots via flooding illustrations Adventitious root development in response to flooding. Under aerated conditions, gaseous ethylene escapes from plant tissues, but during flooding, water acts as a physical barrier, trapping ethylene in the plant. Gibberellic Acid or GA enhances the ethylene-promoted adventitious root growth, Abscisic acid reduces the effect. Ethylene triggers reactive oxygen species production, and together they trigger epidermal programmed cell death for root emergence and cortical programmed cell death lysigenous aerenchyma formation. The main difference in some eudicots (e.g. tomato) is the requirement for de novo adventitious root initiation via auxin and ethylene signaling. In the cross section, epidermis and exodermis are combined, but the exodermis can be several cell layers adjacent to the epidermis. Yellow roots are adventitious roots, (diagram above) blue and pink roots are lateral roots, (diagram above) and white roots are primary roots. (diagram above) Pointed arrows represent positive interactions, and flat-ended arrows represent negative interactions. (diagram above) Adventitious root emergence Physical Biology - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjFaU87t6M2d3xPH8m30goQ Clones I discuss cloning a bit but will cover this topic in more practical detail in following writings. This compiled section is intended to instill an understanding of the internal processes during a typical cloning process. Regardless of cloning method this information is valid. To create clones of plants a chemical imbalance must occur. This can be created in various ways but in this instance we will discuss traditional cloning. While the method of cloning may vary the chemical process is similar in rooting and the type of roots being created for the plants. The figure below will help illustrate this process well. By understanding this process you will begin the basis of learning how to create the type of roots you desire in a "best practice" or "optimized" process. The graph above and below explanation from http://www.plantphysiol.org Pointed arrows represent positive interactions, and flat-ended arrows represent negative interactions. Yellow roots are adventitious roots, the white root is a primary roots, and blue roots are lateral roots. Below explains the illustration above. Adventitious root formation on cuttings. In intact plants, cytokinin and strigolactones are predominantly produced in the root Auxin is predominantly produced in the shoot. On wounding, jasmonic acid peaks within 30 min and is required for successful root development. Reactive oxygen species, polyphenols, and hydrogen sulfide also increase and promote adventitious rooting. Polyphenols do this via reducing auxin degradation. Auxin builds up in the base of the cutting, acting upstream of nitric oxide to promote adventitious root initiation. Auxin, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increase soluble sugars, which can be used for root development. The cloning act removes the original root system and thus levels of cytokinin and strigolactone (they inhibit root growth) are reduced removing this natural counter too root growth in a normal plant. At later stages, Auxin inhibits primordia elongation (reduced shoot growth) while ethylene promotes adventitious root emergence. As the new root system establishes, The production of cytokinin and strigolactones is restored and the plant will begin to function normally. General Cloning information Staminate (male) plants have higher average levels of carbohydrates than pistillate (female) plants, while pistillate plants have higher nitrogen levels. Almost all plant cells contain the DNA and "capability" to create a whole plant. (Clone and petri-dish) Not all plant species and phenotypes clone equally. Selection of rooting material is important. Selected that have finished growing up and start growing to the sides or radial growth.Younger, firm, vegetative shoots, Top of the plant is not ideal. the secondary tops or crown of a plant is ideal. Cuttings of relatively young vegetative limbs 10 to 45 centimeters or 4 to 18 inches and are made with a razor blade and immediately placed in a container of pure water so the cut ends are covered to prevent an embolism (air bubble). 3 to 7 millimeters (1/8 to 1/4 inch) in diameter. The medium should be warm and moist before cuttings are removed from the parent plant. Feed rooting cloning parental plants, a balance of low nitrogen to high carbohydrate is desired and achieved in several ways. Higher carbohydrate to Nitrogen is ideal. Iodine and Starch test. (video below) Highly impractical and unnecessary for most growers but I put in this writing for information and for the curious and those who are optimizing in their growing methods and systems for "best practice" with specific/known plants or crops. Reduce nitrogen and allow for carbohydrates to build up. Crowded roots will increase carbon due to competition for the nitrogen in medias. The carbohydrate to nitrogen ratio rises the farther distance between the tip of the limb, Cuttings are not made too long. Etiolation Etiolation is a condition caused by the growth of plants in the absence of light. It is characterized by a pale yellow coloring, sparse leaves, and weak, elongated stems. The stems of a plant grown in darkness grow longer and thinner in order to reach a potential light source. Its stems will also grow faster than those of a plant exposed to adequate sunlight. Since leaves grow at the internodes of a plant's stems, a plant suffering from etiolation will have less leaves than a normal plant. Chloroplasts that have never been exposed to light remain immature and non-pigmented and are known as etioplasts. When a plant suffering from etiolation is exposed to sunlight, a process known as de-etiolation occurs. In de-etiolation, a plant begins producing chloroplasts, becomes greener in color, and produces fuller and more plentiful leaves. Over time, the internodes of the stem will become a normal length. Inhibiting rooting factors Woody Stems. High nitrogen in parent plant. High nitrogen in clone leaves. Iodine Starch Test Ibn Sahlan - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwMOknYVLikEwhODDSlEhiQ Cloning 101 Everest Fernandez - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC65Wtjuej_YyOOxg4PC-uhA Root growth in time lapse Gregor Skoberne https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnDrhu5DCQpD1VB3I3bVJJQ Root growth of transformed Cichorium Intybus grown in a medium. Corn roots in time lapse MicropolitanMuseum https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGFFFsNZoZahwQ8UPFIWhFA Time lapse fast growing corn, roots and leaves growing Mindlapse - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEPvisw_QQ_anAwxdklxm1Q Union Break! Air (Shoots) Environment Shoots, is the above ground parts of the plants. We will discuss plant cell structure and nutritional transportation within the plants. This is the area where the plant energy is made. Some of the videos will repeat similar information but they all offer extra bits of information that all combined offer a higher benefit. In addition, if one video style is not effective in understanding than the virtual reality video/app may be more effective in illustrating for you. Plant Cell Structure Crayonbox - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9Kk19SMbIuqcNI4lew96kA Plant cells are more complicated and exciting than you might think! This video shows you the structure of the plant cell. Sam introduces you to the cell organelles and their functions. You learn about cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus and nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, vacuole, chloroplasts, and mitochondrion. Sam explains how proteins are produced inside the cell. The NAMOO app features beautiful encyclopedia-inspired interactive simulations you can use to learn about plants. Plant science is fun! Download your NAMOO and play with roots, stems, flowers, and other plant parts! Virtual tour of a plant cell This is a virtual tour of a plant cell you can control by the upper right toggle on the screen of the video. If your computer is strong enough you can enlarge to full screen (may need to go to youtube site, double click video and it will show link on bottom right of video). This is a great tool for understanding plant cells and photosynthesis. Plant Energy Biology Leaf Anatomy Upper epidermis is a single layer of cells containing few or no chloroplasts. The cells are quite transparent and permit most of the light that strikes them to pass through to the underlying cells. The upper surface is covered with a waxy, waterproof cuticle, which serves to reduce water loss from the leaf. Epidermal cells are on the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf. The epidermis usually consists of a single layer of cells., Some specialized leaves of some desert plants and in cold environment plants can have epidermal layers which are several cells thick. Cuticle - Waxy layer that prevent water loss within the leaf. Plants that live in water do not have a cuticle, waxy layer. They have two features which prevent evaporative water loss: they are packed densely together and they are covered by a cuticle, a waxy layer secreted by the cells. Flavonoid pigments are contained in large vacuoles inside the epidermal cells. Flavonoids absorbs ultraviolet radiation, Similar to a sunscreen or tanning lotion for internal layers of the leaf, by filtering out harmful solar ultraviolet radiation. Palisade layer consists of one or more layers of cylindrical cells oriented with their long axis perpendicular to the plane of the leaf. The cells are filled with chloroplasts (usually several dozen of them) and carry on most of the photosynthesis within the leaf. Palisade cell layer at top of leaf - To absorb more light Palisade cells contain many chloroplasts to absorb all the available light. Spongy layer beneath the palisade layer, its cells are irregular in shape and loosely packed. Although they contain a few chloroplasts, their main function seems to be the temporary storage of sugars and amino acids that were synthesized in the palisade layer above the spongy layer of the leaf. They also aid in the exchange of gases between the leaf and the environment. During the day, these cells give off oxygen and water vapor to the air spaces that surround them. They also pick up carbon dioxide from the air spaces. The air spaces are interconnected and eventually open to the outside through pores called stomata. Collectively, the palisade and spongy layers make up the mesophyll. A single vascular bundle, no matter how large or small, always contains both xylem and phloem tissues. xylem - Consists of tracheids and vessels that transport water and minerals to the leaves. Phloem - Transports the photosynthetic products from the leaf to the other parts of the plant. Lower epidermis contains most of the stomata (thousands per square centimeter) which are located in the lower epidermis. Although most of the cells of the lower epidermis resemble those of the upper epidermis, each stoma is flanked by two sausage-shaped cells called guard cells. These differ from the other cells of the lower epidermis not only in their shape but also in having chloroplasts. . Stomata Open in light and closed during night. Transpiration is when the plants intakes carbon dioxide, releases via evaporation water and oxygen. More plentiful on the underside of the leaves but are all over the leaf. Approximately 95% of water in the plant transportation system is lost due to transpiration. Water evaporation from stomata as part of the osmatic pressure system. Guard cells when open accumulate potassium salts, causing an osmotic pressure that uptakes water. Guard cells control the open and close stomata function and is influenced largely by the environment (light, temperature and humidity) and results in osmotic pressure. Guard cells can detect blue light and varied levels of CO2 (carbon dioxide). Guard cells are the only epidermal cells to contain chloroplasts. Some chloroplasts are found in the cells of young stems and immature fruits but do not play a large role in photosynthesis. During drought stress guard cells release abscisic acid. It inhibits plant cell growth and is is in part responsible for fruit drop, leaf death and seed dormancy. and helps plants respond to water loss and seasonal changes. Its effects can be reversed with gibberellins. Abscisic acid is a hormone that will trigger dormancy. Often growers tend to think of dry soil negatives as reducing media microbe and fungal life, concentrating salts but few know or appreciate the abscisic effect on plants as only by knowing plant physiology will one tend to appreciate this outside of experience in the field with drought conditions. Do not allow young plants to dry out in their media unless that is part of that natural environment for your plant. Example of cactus. I have also added trichomes as they are part of some plants more than others in significance. However, this is not part of plant physiology and I will discuss more on this subject in future compilations. Trichomes - Help to avert being eaten or invaded by some pests by restricting insect movements and/or by storing toxic or bad-tasting compounds. The rate of transpiration can be reduced due to a reduction in air flow across the leaf surface. Leaf Anatomy graphic illustrations Plant Biology with NAMOO: Leaf Anatomy - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9Kk19SMbIuqcNI4lew96kA Leaves are beautiful and industrial. Located within every leaf is a fully functional food factory. This production process is called photosynthesis. Sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are used to produce glucose (food!) and oxygen. Leaf Types - Monocot & Dicot Monocots vs Dicots Explained It is really easy to determine a monocot and a dicot. However, first, it is important to understand that monocots and dicots actually represent the two main branches of flowering plants. That means that almost all flowering plants can be divided into one of these two groups. Of course, the key word is almost all. There are some that don't fit into the two groups all that well. The five main characters I like to use are Leaves, Roots, Stems, Cotyledons, and Flowers. For a more detailed description, visit our page at http://www.untamedscience.com/biology... Watermelon Plant Time Lapse Learjet15 - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCv5UDsFrvS1Mh838rVJuJSw The video below explains more of the plant structure. This is a good video to gain an appreciation of a plant structure as it is in that knowledge that can better not just understand the structure but how nutrition plays its role in building the structure. By understanding a plants development at the various stages of growth nutrition can be accurately adjusted optimally for the development of the plant. In short, this knowledge will help you speak plant. Plant Structure Video Transcript of the video is available at the youtube site selecting more then transcript in options under video. More at Bozeman Science: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEik-U3T6u6JA0XiHLbNbOw Paul Andersen explains the major plants structures. He starts with a brief discussion of monocot and dicot plants. He then describes the three main tissues in plants; dermal, ground and vascular. He also describes the plant cells within each of these tissues; epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerencyma, xylem and phloem. He describes both primary and secondary growth in plants. He finishes the podcast with a discussion of double fertilization in plants. Plant Nutrition and Transport Since many people will already understand plant structure I have added that section below even though it would be more appropriate before this section. However, their is very good information in the plant structure section I recommend watching the videos. Very few people will not learn something from the videos to the writings (compilation). Regardless of water and nutrition, a plants transport system depends on a correct growing environment in terms of temperature and humidity as this directly affects the internal and external functions of the plant system. Basic Plant Nutrition - We often think of plant nutrition and NPK but this is not wholly correct at the cellular level as far as the plant cares about specifics. For example, we need protein, be it from meat or milk all things correct we can utilize protein in that form. Our body only cares it has a protein. Generically stated for illustration. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, Oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur. We will discuss plant nutrition in all its details in later sections but for the intention of understanding how a plant internally functions in transporting and in creating energy the above will be the main subject of plant nutrition within this specific section. Union Break! ~Have a laugh with Rodney. I did, thanks Rodney! The Video below illustrates with excellent visuals/graphics and explains above and nutritional transportation. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCmNq4uCgWjpvoTpbphih3g - Transcript is available at youtube site, select more and transcripts under the video. All organisms require food and water for their survival. Transportation is the process of transporting water,food and minerals to the different parts of the plant body. Xylem, transports water from the roots to all parts of the plant through root hairs. Raw materials such as carbon dioxide, water and other minerals are used to prepare food in the presence of sunlight through photosynthesis.This food is then transported to all parts of the plant by the Phloem. Below you will find a video that will explain in an easy to understand format what the plant needs nutritionally and how it transports nutrition and utilizes it. While it may seem a bit a redundant the videos compliment each other and together equal a quality lesson. The top video has superior visuals but the bottom has more information and is an effective illustrative video as well. Paul Andersen explains how nutrients and water are transported in plants. He begins with a brief discussion of what nutrients are required by plants and where they get them. He shows you dermal, vascular and ground tissue in monocot and dicot roots, stems and leaves. He then explains how water is pulled up a tree in xylem and how sugar is pushed in a plant through phloem. More at Bozeman Science: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEik-U3T6u6JA0XiHLbNbOw Transcript of the video is available at the youtube site selecting more then transcript in options under video. More at Bozeman Science: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEik-U3T6u6JA0XiHLbNbOw Paul Andersen explains how nutrients and water are transported in plants. He begins with a brief discussion of what nutrients are required by plants and where they get them. He shows you dermal, vascular and ground tissue in monocot and dicot roots, stems and leaves. He then explains how water is pulled up a tree in xylem and how sugar is pushed in a plant through phloem. Oxygenic Photosynthesis & its equation During oxygenic photosynthesis, light energy transfers electrons from water (H2O) to carbon dioxide (CO2), which produces carbohydrates. In this transfer, the CO2 is "reduced," or receives electrons, and the water becomes "oxidized," or loses electrons. Ultimately, oxygen is produced along with carbohydrates. Oxygenic photosynthesis functions as a counterbalance to respiration as it intakes carbon dioxide it reintroduces oxygen into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide exhale by many living things and oxygen released by the oxygenic photosynthesis process. Their are other types of photosynthesis and other energy generation but we are mainly going to discuss oxygenic photosynthesis in plants. Light-dependent reactions (also called light reactions): Light photons contacts the reaction center a chlorophyll pigment releases an electron. The electron in the chlorophyll makes an electron hole and the electron wants to escape and is released via an "electron transport chain" which generates the energy to make ATP "adenosine triphosphate" which is energy and NADPH. The electron hole in the chlorophyll pigment is filled from electron from water and oxygen is then released into the atmosphere via the stomata. Photosynthesis Equation In photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the form of glucose (sugar). Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight are used to produce glucose, oxygen, and water. The chemical equation for this process is: 6CO2 + 12H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Six molecules of carbon dioxide (6CO2) and twelve molecules of water (12H2O) are consumed in the process, while glucose (C6H12O6), six molecules of oxygen (6O2), and six molecules of water (6H2O) are produced. This equation may be simplified as: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2. Photosynthesis video that better illustrates and effectively teaches the above and more. Transcript of the video is available at the youtube site selecting more then transcript in options under video. More at Bozeman Science: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEik-U3T6u6JA0XiHLbNbOw Paul Andersen explains the process of photosynthesis by which plants and algae can convert carbon dioxide into usable sugar. He begins with a brief description of the chloroplast. He describes the major pigments in a plant (like chlorophyll a and b). He then describes both the light reaction and the Calvin cycle. He finishes with a discussion of photorespiration and strategies for avoiding this problem evolved in CAM and C4 plants. Cellular Respiration I know we think of plants and us as very different as they use photosynthesis but we both use cell respiration very similarly and few actually understand nor appreciate that understanding but it is important to understand this aspect as when it comes to evaluating various traits of plants this information is vital if you understand how to "see" it and "use" it. By understanding this we can better acclimate a growing environment for optimal levels for specific plants in greenhouses and indoor gardens based on observations and adjustments of your plants and not following a generic guide. By learning to identify plants that have strong photosynthesis and cellular respiration rates in selecting genetics for clones or breeding is often an desirable but under looked trait. The video below further explains photosynthesis and respiration and discusses how photosynthesis played a role in early life on the planet. For many this video may seem a bit much and that is ok. It is mainly listed for those who want more information and understanding with more details. He also explains different versions of energy creation but is not a large portion. I highly recommend this video but for your average gardener this information is overly technical for that need. The plant cell video prior in this thread is similar however there is additional information when viewing both lessons. Paul Andersen details the processes of photosynthesis and respiration in this video on free energy capture and storage. Autotrophs use the light reactions and the Calvin cycle to convert energy from the Sun into sugars. Autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to convert this sugar into ATP. Both chemosynthesis and fermentation are discussed. The evolution of photosynthesis is also discussed. Do you speak another language? Help me translate my videos: http://www.bozemanscience.com/transla... I post the translate request even though the posting is old, the link is still good as of the time of this compilation. The following video explains processes of cellular respiration in an easy to understand lesson. Transcript of the video is available at the youtube site selecting more then transcript in options under video. More at Bozeman Science: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEik-U3T6u6JA0XiHLbNbOw Paul Andersen covers the processes of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. He starts with a brief description of the two processes. He then describes the important parts of the mitochondria. He explains how energy is transferred to ATP through the processes of glycolysis, the Kreb cycle and the Electron Transport Chain. He also explains how organisms use both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. Summary The knowledge base of plant physiology is currently growing at fast rate. As such each year they are learning more and more about the physiology of plants and some of these are not listed above as science has not yet determined what those functions truly are or what they are doing outside just learning they exist. As a result, the older this work is, it might need a revision or update depending on the extent new knowledge that will be learned as science as whole learns more. This is compiled January 2017 You should now have a working understanding of plant physiology and if you understand how environment and basic nutrition plays a role. You use this information and apply it to your garden. By utilizing all this information you can grow your plants to "best practice" as is possible for your growing areas limitations. Often we go to stores and see a massive variety of fertilizers with all kinds of claims and fancy graphics and names. Few people can see past the advertising as it is the advertisers and/or other equally untrained to moderately skilled gardeners who teach most home gardeners, outside of a family/friend dynamic with access to experienced gardeners. Many gardeners are at a knowledge disadvantage. This information is compiled in part as an attempt to answer this issue by working to instill fundamental knowledge so that home gardeners can learn what is gimmick and what is a good product and how to use it properly for their crops. A benefit of these lessons if learned is freedom from false advertising as you will not be easily fooled as knowledge can work to prevent emotional and impulse sales based on "adjective" sales tactics. By understanding plant physiology you understand how plants transport nutrition and create energy. This knowledge base will serve you well in future management practices as you can better attune your environment, nutrition and management to optimize your specific crop. This is more desirable in high value crops. By optimizing the plants ability to transport nutrients and generate energy you can begin to obtain the plants potential. However, by allowing negative factors to act against early plant physiology during its early growth stages can have significant limiting factors that the plant cannot fully recover from and thus the plant will not obtain its potential no matter the betterment after the shock. Plant Physiology in breeding, generically you first want to select plants that illustrate early strong plant physiology traits from roots to leaf health and vigor. Congratulations for finishing Plant Physiology. Advanced Section for those who need more! If you would like to learn more on Plant Physiology I highly recommend: BIOPL3420 - Plant Physiology - Video Lecture/Class 28 videos long - Thomas Owens - Cornell University Plant Physiology Taiz and Zeiger - https://ia802504.us.archive.org/16/items/PlantPhysiologyTaizZeiger1/Plant_Physiology_(Taiz_&_Zeiger)[1].pdf Click to go to video series Credits and appreciation: ~ I sincerely respect and thank them. The Science Media Production Center at Cornell - https://www.youtube.com/user/CornellTL/about Plant Physiology Taiz and Zeiger - https://ia802504.us.archive.org/16/items/PlantPhysiologyTaizZeiger1/Plant_Physiology_(Taiz_&_Zeiger)[1].pdf https://www.scribd.com/ http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0002075.html http://www.askiitians.com/revision-notes/biology/ Bozeman Science:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEik-U3T6u6JA0XiHLbNbOw http://biology.about.com/od/plantbiology/a/aa050605a.htm http://www.livescience.com/51720-photosynthesis.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/differences-and-similarities-between-chemosynthesis-and-photosynthesis.html One Drop Forward - https://www.youtube.com/user/onedropforward/videos Plant Energy Biology - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEIGuXCAGkkHgAZP9LWbXgA http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0002061.html http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/170/2/603.full#sec-13 Everest Fernandez - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC65Wtjuej_YyOOxg4PC-uhA Freesciencelessons - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqbOeHaAUXw9Il7sBVG3_bw Physical Biology - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjFaU87t6M2d3xPH8m30goQ ~A Proud Cultural Healing and Life Compilation. FIN
  5. Do you know plants and fungi? If you have not seen these documentaries, find some time and have a sit. You might find out, you really do not know plants. The First Flower How plants communicate & think - BBC Documentary. What plants talk about - Nature The magic of Mushrooms - Professor Richard Fortey The Future is Fungi [how to save the planet] - Paul Stamets Mushrooms as Medicine - Paul Stamets How Mushrooms can save us from ourselves - Paul Stamets
  6. Reposted from old site. Written by Hempyfan. I am honored but please use as your own as I believe we all flow in simular directions. You will see the flow and words when you need it and thus are not mine but I merely comment on. In such, I know the direction but respect for outcome is heavily yours. I only speak alphabet basics for illustrative purposes. I do not give easily but is correct and truly flows from me as if I have little control to speak myself which I almost always keep hidden. Know that we benefit from one another. Without you I do not believe I am able to maintain my energy level and is your advice and direction that is difference. If any benefit comes from such discussions, I believe it mutual. I see us as owe each nothing but contribute and where that leads I have no idea but is natural as far as I feel. We flow similar no matter what we want but I see it as we want and perhaps we gain an inch. Then again, maybe I am bat shit crazy but damn if its not fun and strangely true but maybe I only see the shit I speak. Hempyfan! I just like this, no other meaning than seeing joy in what you do! Feel that way in what you, especially dad and family leaders! I am only a link in a chain it scares me to be anything other as I no matter how it might help, a link. If my link is fruitful than Than I am more than I ever Hoped for myself.
  7. Reposted from old site. Written by hydro :) I will use ur explanations thanks Hempy!!!
  8. Reposted from old site. Written by Hempyfan. Back to the good stuff These discussions do my heart well! I used to hate most and now I have a love for all even if I hate the behaviors and actions. I think that says it all. I see those imprisoned in life by emotion and that leads to "trappings of those life choices" and this is what alters and controls them. I see them today, no matter how wrong, as a like a child who does not yet know. The negative extent of the impression of the behavior does not equate to lost for ever but lost as they are now and direction at that point in time. We are not alive as ourselves until we are free of emotional controls. Teach/preach/empower ethics and morals and free our youth from the trappings of emotion and if they are capable teach them to be capable. This is largely how I see myself and is the biggest direction I walk towards. Speak ethics and morals to those you can when applicable when giving private advice to them when they seek it. I say things and discuss things with some very hard people that no one else could as they tell stories of their past. I will tell them whoever it is, what is correct and not correct with that. Sometimes they cry, get angry, can get violent but I have not had that, get upset but always they come back with better words and it helps change them. They evolve slowly. Have them feel and see the emotion fully around what they have done. They did not have this before and thus they did not appreciate their actions. True unethical/immoral people are able and easier to be identified during such discussions as they will continue over time to justify their actions with no thought of change rather than understand and evolve. Those who are correct will find you. We need do nothing but be yourself. Doing other shit will draw attention but not necessarily correct attention. Energies flow like to the path of least resistance kind of thing and this is how they will find you. It is not like a magical fate thing but like how a bear fishes at water falls for salmon. We just need to be wise enough to choose the correct fish. FYI - When you are free, your life becomes art if that makes any sense. For most it will be later rather than sooner.
  9. Reposted from old site. Written by hydro Hempy... most cant do what u and I speak about...so they wont hurt themselves for sure:) the warriors who have enough power to get through the first difficulties.. to step in the ring... yes they will have to fight hard:) hahahh So I decide not believe in WARNINGS.
  10. Reposted from old site. Written by Hempyfan. I do very similar and have done for many many years. This is part in how you can see yourself for real what you do but I have been seriously warned by others on this and this is what I will relay. This was part one I learned as a kid to deal with my life. The frog and some other type of meditation discussions you and I have had was part II for me. Specifically in energy management which I am most grateful. This is great exercise you speak of and I look forward to your views in further discussion. I will explain what I do and have been doing since a kid in various degrees. I was kinda born into knowing it or I just forest gumped into it as it was just always something I did, either way it is the reason I am here as I likely would of become a different kind of person than I am otherwise. I will teach or work with others in this in the rarest of situations and I will explain the rare as it is based on the warning I got. If we are not careful, we will hurt more than we help. It is hard to determine who can be helped and who cannot because it depends on them and sometimes their needs and a desire to help can cloud better judgement. For those who "want it" (largely due to suffering) more than a "true dedication" to doing the process will be the problem in determining. Beware though, those who "want it" as they can appear and at the moment be very genuine in their desire but here are some things to consider. How is the person in their normal life. Do they finish what they start? (worth the time) Dependable? (need to see they will competent to due diligent) Ethical/moral? (important for later) I cannot stress enough to be careful who to help as you will do more than work to free them but also unlock them. That is a boon or a crime, almost literally. Understand, that once someone is free they will become thirsty and hungry and if the person is not correct emotion will take over and we end up with ass holes who are effective in what they do as freedom does not equate to good. I know the capability of man and it is scary when emotion rules us. This is why I stress emotional control and I have a way dual working together with what you are doing along with some other aspects to help address the issues. A persons emotional complications have to be unwound to be free of the emotional reigns all things competent. Please believe this need be in tandem and not at different stages otherwise the strength of some meaning and pointed moments can be diminished due to time. Think of wanting thick paint but is thinner. Still paint but not the same. WARNING I have been warned by person of capability once about teaching the safe place and is essentially in concept the exercise you do. To others they may call it simply meditation (not all meditation is the same) but the core concept remains and similar ends are often the goal/result. Conceptually speaking to find clarity and I speak generically for sake of time and not to write to many novels. This warning is so significant the person who told me this, stopped teaching it because of issue they have seen with it. Do not take lightly and is reason why I speak on determining a persons ethics/morals (not same thing, know the difference in evaluation). Help free and make powerful the wrong person and it will haunt you. Those who are in need now will be different later. See that difference. I would say think of it like picking ripe fruit and leaving unripe fruits to ready before picking. While we might want to pick all the fruit at once we get a higher quality and market crop by picking when ripe and not due to convenience. Freedom can enable optimized capability and we being the wily monkeys we are with little control of ourselves due to emotion we become a danger more than the words I write can relay an appreciation for. Ok lets go on with it What I call safe place = similar as you do I believe. This exercise is a template or an environment that will enable one to see one's self truly without the wrappings our emotions that often twists and manipulates our ego. Release from those wrappings to chains is towards freedom. Discussed Process: Clear the mind until you find silence from silence, basically doing the exercise you do until they can get to where they keep thoughts clear, just space and them, this will be very hard if not possible for them do at first. You can help guide them but only in helping them focus and become familiar with environment, you do not lead or you build it in their mind and this is not same thing and will not end as you want. Do things like this, if on beach, have them feel beach environment from sound of waves, wind, smell, feel on feet, taste the whole thing. Take them literally their. Do this until they can do it on their own, this can vary but be patient and help guide them to calmness if needed. Maybe start with removing all stimuli as possible such as lights, sound and such. Start off doing breathing techniques and/or other aspects to better direct towards calm. The harder/longer/if even possible to do is illustrative of emotional aspects. Initially they may have problems and it is these subjects bombarding them along with life shit, they can clear out the day to day life stuff but the big stuff is heavier. Those using as basic clarity and focus meditation can sometimes stop once they get comfortable and is a good daily once or twice exercise or as needed but most will go a bit further. For those able to deal with issue and work it out this is part of natural process of dealing with day to day decompressing so to speak. Most will fit this category. I warn of blindly intertwining with emotions or issues that you are not prepared for can be negative overall. Mean get meaner or irritated more to aggravated type of things. This is easily seen in some people than others and is reflective of their ego and in that is much information to see if one can understand that. Many personality traits can point to such things but I use above for ease of illustration. Imagine yourself at your safe place. Now show yourself to you. what do you see? But before you answer that, have you learned to look at yourself? What you initially see is not just you but the effects life has done to you. These effects on us are typically negative things and can be removed. What is important is to understand what you see right now is not the real you, not yet. Your ego is what you really see as you cannot hide from yourself but you can make yourself see something else if should choose too but when seeing yourself free of influence you will see the true you. Similar to Dorian Gray We tend to have no idea what ego really is and when we do we tend to not appreciate accurately. I recommend using it as a ships rudder and use it as a guide for which direction in life choices that most agrees with who you really are no matter what that direction is. Being true to your genuine self is what I believe is a good part of achieving happiness but this does not always equate to best choice advantage wise in regards to finances and ones morals and ethics. Sometimes we have scars because their was no other choices but when you can, choose your scars well and live a good life by your true self and free of influence. Be it good or bad to my view is irrelevant in that regard and thus makes the whole good and bad view questionable but that is for another day and is more about energies. I then have them make a safe place. For some it is a beach, mountain, a tree or what have you. Do not have them tell you, that way they trust more later when and if you have to explain their world to them. (you should be able to see it as they do) WARNING THING - in so called safe places emotion can trick and hide insidiously. I have not seen this but is in part a big warning I got on this and is in part why this is not easily taught. This is why I speak on type of person before trying to help, in part. Also, beware if you are not correct, the potential for manipulation is great and few can resist this temptation over another. If I felt that way with you I would not speak but we do write this in the open for all and is the reason for that comment. I worry on that and is in part why I am reluctant to teach. Once they make a safe place they should be able to get centered and become stable a bit feeling wise. They should be able to regain focus and energy. For some, this is better than coffee or energy type of things. For many, they stop here but this is only beginning but it can be safe to stop here. For most who stop here and just use to focus and gain some clarity and energy this can be enough but for those who take it further is the warnings I speak of. Ok, neat trick but what is going on? Energy boost is from them being too scattered with their energies at the moment. Day to day to life can do this and is normal life. General meditation in many cultures work this direction. Essentially is a side effect from focusing energies on nothing (releasing energies/thoughts, pressures, issues at the time and such). Then when you focus that energy in a tighter direction it has a greater effective. Think of taking a wide beam flashlight and make it single beam of light. Emotion will bring up the big issues and keep them tied up in energy and is the limiting factor in ones life far more than they appreciate as those issue cause behavioral and understanding limitations among other aspects. Have them identify what it is, not always easy and is likely only partially showing itself but I have a solution I will speak on shortly in this document. The person might have a distinct figure or entity that negatively affects them in their mind. It is a result of that emotional damage. Can have many parts to it to address that span the lifetime of the person. It is not as bad as they believe it to be as they are in a hole looking up and the sky is small to them at the moment. Expect full range of emotions from the person. You will have not learn to not care about any thing they may say or do to you. See that emotion is not something else but their own energies eating them and they empower it to the point it has often become part of what they are but they can be free if they choose to the hard work of facing it. Kind of like the frog, but without the frog. Just hard work and it takes bravery, strength and constitution but being free. You will face your demons and until you remove them, their will be no freedom. Is like a break from life. Anytime you need a moment of clarity or a boost of energy just simply going to your spot can do wonders. OK, whats this tandem part with emotion spoke on? Emotion is the weapon or tool we use on ourselves and others. While a blessing and curse we need to understand it and how it fits into our lives without being controlled or a robot/insect. If you rely on meditation exercises to illustrate this baggage you will do this forever but that is a part of the process. First we have to understand it and this is unique to each person. So no book can be read and magically we say oh, that is it, why not just say so and its all just better. We have emotional influence due to the fact the emotion has been interwoven into us at the time of life experiences and this effect alters our behaviors and even to the way we form understandings and opinions which has shaped our ego as a whole. We are who we are in part due to this influence. Good and bad potentially but before we can know ourselves without this influence, we have to see it clearly and in part why emotion is a problem here is because it has hidden its influence from us. It is common for those to not know that emotion has played such a role in their life development wise and if they do it is potential they lack an effective appreciation of the effect and how to affects other aspects of their personality and life as a whole. Emotional Influence Analysis (basic) Start with earliest memories and work forward in life in chronological order or as you remember it. (life is a building, we want to look at our first building blocks and inspect and fix as necessary) Do via meditation or whatever is most comfortable for person. Write them down if necessary. Often little big issues can be many stepped gaining little bits each time. Have them see the issue as a spectator perspective without the personal attachment. No emotion, just see it as if a movie. Replay it over and over and see all that it is. This can work to remove the sting and pains associated with the issue. Difficult experiences can be very hard but help them thru it. It is normal to take many times until they are able and never push. They must want to do it and do it on their own. Help them by helping them maintain control when they review by speaking calmly to them and help them understand what is going on. When they respond to fear, work to rationalize that fear and how that it is that fear is going to be removed by seeing it for the mask it is as that is all it is, a mask. While still bad experiences will be bad we take away the effect it has had and in so doing we can remove the effect that had in other parts of our life and our ego becomes free of those wrappings. By seeing past negative experiences with the eyes and mind that we have today we can see and handle that experience differently today and in that can find release. Examine and see each issue from the youngest to oldest and see how each experience has molded and shaped you. By doing so we can begin to fix but has to be earliest memories to today. This is a long process and no one can do it fast. Generally when they realize they are were victim of stupidity (almost always is) the mechanism of change is at hand. See how the impact of the emotion from the experience then has affected your life in all ways. In so doing you can begin to see how some of the ways we may of been were due to the experiences of our past and how we reacted to them. That experiences effect effects you in ways in an evolutionary way as we grow up. Most people are a result of their past, they are not free but they think they are. Do this process and in tandem with the meditation exercise you can see the difference in almost magical ways. When this works their views and behaviors will alter. If ethical and moral person those directions tend to come better but if unethical they only learn focus and effective mannerisms. FYI - These are the type of people I do not like going up against in life as they are capable, few truly are this though. The video below is a good illustration of the feeling one can get at the realization of being free from a negative influence that has affected and them. This unwinding is a great effect but if incorrect it can work the other way too. Morality and ethics matter as those are the reigns that will shape once emotion is removed as a main factor. Pick your fruit wisely is my greatest advice. A Little Bio Part What I call part 1 for me. Meditation aspects I speak had enabled me to manage many difficult aspects of life and enabled me to be focused and hidden. It enabled me to have the tools I needed in my life to be me if that makes any sense to you. It was more luck from my perspective that I turned out how I did rather than other life choices. While both successful I am confident morality would of been in question. What it did not do for me is teach about responsibility and the wisdom of such things but oh the stories I have that few should believe but are very true. What I call part 2 for me. The frog. The writing I did after and sent is true today as then but basically is where I learned about ego (why I speak heavy on that at times), have no worries and decided perhaps I am not overly bat shit crazy. It gave me part 2 or the next puzzle piece. Crazy I know and I am fine with that. I do not care the opinion of others as they do not matter as I smile when I go to bed. I look forward to the day all do! What I call part 3 Cultural healing and life. We doing it. I have no idea why and is more like I am watching myself doing it. I am glad you are here and I have no idea what to expect other than some dusty spot about 4 people look at and for me, that is enough! Reflection Take this further and you can lay the basis to become a very powerful person and in that, I have caution. It takes more than that as you have to have the capability and skills too but this does not necessarily lead to good things. I see this similarly to mind altering experiences and that is not for everyone and you cannot help those who are not true to it. Great for some. Horrific for others. Not a big deal for others. I see clearly what people are and I have had nothing but contempt for most of humanity during my life. Thus, my life is a rather lonely one because I see what most are and they are not good humans but this does not equate to evil or bad people. Just those who are not moral or ethical past their wants and I have no time but this is almost all who read this. I see it now as just unripe fruit on an indeterminate fruiting tree. So I do not worry about the unripe but when a ripe fruit is ready to be picked then do what you can but beware of eating unripe fruits. I still dislike what I see in humanity but I no longer have contempt nor disgust towards humanity and is precisely the reason why we make Cultural Healing and Life! Well that is my take on this and I am convinced I am bat shit crazy but I will take it! In the end, expect the illustration, pet the owl. We are the kid and most are the girl in the booth.... We will be largely ignored and viewed as odd to being a pain, but I will take it. ~Hempyfan Read The Small Print! What we speak on here sounds like medical advice and stuff but this is not the case. This is life advice that we live by and as we figure out for ourselves and while it may or may not appear that I am giving medical advice I am not. Any appearance is simply a mannerism or a description of a concept. I recommend following all appropriate medical directions as appropriate. This is just a discussion for those with such interest and I tell you again, I think I might be bat shit crazy. so take that for what it is worth. We thank you for your understanding.
  11. Reposted from old site. Written by hydro @Hempy u are a philosopher:) some of ur sentences are so powerful that they cut deep in my bones. -this "seeing thing" could be a real miracle during practicing.. Very important to understand the steps... when u call in to ur screen anything... do it like planting a seed for a good start make a good, friendly environment (basically in ur mind)!!!! and let it flourish! (dont try to tell to a carrot seed how to be a carrot...and never try to force it to be pumpkin.. because u just wasting ur energy:) practicing imagination or dreaming will teach u how to see at a better and very different way. IF SOMEONE HAVE POWER TO TRY MY METHOD AND NEED HELP:::::::) WRITE ME here or anywhere
  12. Reposted from old site. Written by Hempyfan. Many people find it interesting and special when they understand how "blind" people can see by using their other senses. We tend to think of ourselves like some great thing but we are simple (complex devices) but at the end of the day we are not so complex nor grande. Think how energy flows. All we are and exist in just varied forms and temperatures/properties of energy in some type of instance or stage/thing. Like water, energy will flow and generally to the path of least resistance. Emotions and behaviors are paths of least resistance but are not always the wisest choice but when energies flow in those direction it can be very hard for people to control that. For some as hard as changing the flow of an oncoming flood. So we must go deeper as reflective or controlling type of actions/behaviors created to attempt to control that (often anger or other negative emotions) are ineffective. We have to be true to solutions and not a gimmick. That is also in part the imprisonment but we construct our prisons on top of those foundations. I kind of see it like this, we screwed up and lost our instruction manuals. So we have to learn ourselves and their are so many of us and our wacky wacky ways is one massive impediment but being the wily creatures we are come up with some neat and shiny stuff and this furthers pulls us in other bizarre directions. Today, if their was ever a meaning in life for us we lost it or perhaps we are merely the sensory ends of the universe trying to figure out what it is. If Timothy Leary couldnt figure it out and when the gods are in the books we can only do one thing. (I say that meaning no genuine direction.) To be us, but in doing so, we cannibalize each other but perhaps that is part of the process of our development. So I speak to be free but I mean it in terms for many ways and not just in terms of physical imprisonment. I believe when we learn our selves we can become free but in so doing we also learn a truth. What we truly as when one becomes truly free they become powerful and if they choose to be a certain way. This is why the ethics and morals must be part or you will become very effective and achieve results in areas you focus. So how to be free, this is my take on that. Learn and know you, this takes forever I believe. Understand emotion, this is what controls most people and is the influence that harms the most. This is like yin/yang in a way and as a blessing and a curse. Emotion is necessary but it should not control your direction in life but more of a an (advice) mechanism. It takes true strength when emotion is heavy on us but this is countered by addressing weak areas of our lives. Example: Anxiety can be a condition from not addressing other issues in life and it comes out in that form. If emotion is an issue for you, become educated on it and take a look it at it with that view. Control "your" behaviors when influenced by anything other intelligent decision. If your not a kid, do not act like you are if you do stupid things and act foolish in harmful ways. Do not fear reality. Unless you need to turn to tail and run for your literal safety, fear is a draining thing that works to diminish with the view towards survival. Today we do not have strong grasps on our emotions as we should and fear sometimes takes a bigger role than is merited. We have at times taken worry and fear and melded them into the same meaning. This can for some make the issue appear and feel much larger than it is. You are the part of the highest intelligent life we have found and we look pretty darn hard to find other life in our universe. We have conquered all areas for which we have put effort and desire. What you have today and take for granted every day would be considered blessings from a god, miracles and what have you. From ease of obtaining shelter, food, water, heat and cold no matter all the other fancy. You education level surpasses most who have lived before you. Do not fear what things may or may not really be. It matters not in the end if you unable to be handle what you find. Learn and know all around the responsibilities you have. Not having this can make people anxious and unstable in the end. Be educated and prideful in what you do. Do not just go thru the motions or you become an ant or insect follower. I am not saying all become leaders and whatnot but simply to be truly qualified and take pride in what you do as this is part of a happy life. If you are at work and have questions and those questions limit your effectiveness, get better as their is suffering in that you do not likely appreciate. Be effective with all in life but moral and ethical. Dont be a fool but an intelligent leader of your family or whatever dynamic you have. If just you, your future is your family. Live within boundaries that enables a future or your future will be part of your prison, literally to figuratively. We made mistakes in our past for sure. Once we learn from that, those chains are to be taken off. If they are not then visit the issue and learn from it correct. If still issue, make sure all that is left is for you to remove the unlocked chains. When we learn and never do again and work for others to be correct we amend. Whats it mean? Not my job to figure that one out but we all get a ticket to that answer. Until then, my advice is to live a free life and do right by you and yours in all. Start with becoming free from yourself. Then take on the rest. Life dont owe you anything. Other than for basically humans born in certain areas, life experiences in nature is not really all that great, life and death always around the corner in nature and being a baby, sick and old is a bad time with real monsters probably trying to eat you. Now look at your petty stuff. See what I mean....... Life is merited to be remembered, ask the rocks, so respect it. ~Hempyfan
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